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What is psychology?
- Psychology is the study of the brain, mental processes, observable behavior, human and animal development, and social interactions.
- Psychology was once a part of philosophy.
- Philosophers such as Rene Descartes, John Locke, and Thomas Hobbes speculated on human nature.
- Rene Descartes believed that the physical world follows a set of observable laws or rules.
- He believed creatures are similar to machines, in that they are governed by laws and behave in predictable ways.
- Descartes believe that humans are the exception to this rule because they possess minds.
- He makes a distinction between the body and the mind.
- The mind is not observable and is not subject to the natural laws.
- He thought the mind and body interact through the pineal gland.
- John Locke believed that even the mind is under the control of rules or laws.
- He believed that the world could be understood through empiricism – gathering knowledge and understanding the world through observation and experience.
- He thought that humans are born as a tabula rasa, meaning a blank slate, and that everything we know has to be learned.
History/Philosophy/Schools of Thought
- One way to organize all of the ideas in psychology is by categorizing psychological theories and ideas into various schools of thought.
- Each school of thought has a certain way of describing some aspect of behavior, mental process, or social interaction.
- Structuralism
- Functionalism
- Psychoanalysis
- Behavioral
- Cognitive
- Humanistic
- Biological/Biomedical
- Sociocultural
- Biopsychosocial
Structuralism
- Wilhelm Wundt set up the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany.
- He championed the school of thought in psychology called Structuralism, “father of structuralism.”
- Structuralism is an attempt to breakdown the ‘elements’ of perception into smaller understandable units – similar to how a chemist breaks down a compound into its elements.
- The sensation of ‘red’ or ‘sharp’ or ‘hard’ is understood as an ‘element’ of consciousness.
- Trained subjects in introspection.
- Introspection is the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes.
- He asked trained subjects to record their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli.
- Describe this ______, and tell me your sensation of it.
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- Structuralism is not an active area of study in psychology anymore.
Functionalism
- William James published The Principles of Psychology, psychology’s first official textbook.
- He championed the school of thought called Functionalism.
- Functional psychology or Functionalism refers to a psychological philosophy that considers mental life and behaviour in terms of active adaptation to the person's environment; it was influenced by Darwin and evolutionary theory.
- For example, an explanation for why a baby cries could be that crying as a behaviour is a successful adaptation; it helps the baby survive.
- Functionalism is not an active area of psychology anymore.
Gestalt Psychology
- Max Wertheimer argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete subjects; that is, he did not like structuralism.
- Gestalt theorists argue and demonstrate that “the whole is something else than the sum of its parts.”
- How many triangles are there?
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- Gestalt psychology is not an active area of research anymore.
- Some of the ideas of Gestalt psychology have been adopted and reworked by cognitive psychology.
Psychoanalysis
- Sigmund Freud describes how the unconscious mind, dreams, and other psychological mechanisms exert influence on behavior.
- Psychoanalysis is a set of theories related to the study of the unconscious mind and a set of therapeutic techniques to help patients recover from psychological disorders.
- A psychoanalyst believes that the unconscious mind (a part of our mind we do not have access to) controls many of our thoughts and behavior.
- A psychoanalyst would look for impulses or memories pushed into our unconscious and try to show how these influence our behavior.
Behaviorism
- Ivan Pavlov studied digestion in dogs which led to an unintentional discovery.
- He noticed that dogs began to salivate when they heard him or his assistant walking down the hall before entering the room; dogs paired the sound footsteps with a delicious meal.
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- John Watson:
- Demonstrated that you could take a neutral stimulus, like a rabbit, and condition someone, like a baby, to fear the rabbit by sounding an abrasive noise at the same time the rabbit was present. The baby associated the terrible noise with the site of the rabbit.
- B. F.Skinner & Operant Conditioning:
- He expands the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement and punishment.
Humanistic Perspective
- Key figures in the Humanistic perspective are Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers.
- The humanistic perspective stresses individual choice and freewill.
- (in opposition to other schools of thought like psychoanalysis and behaviorism that claim that behavior is determined.)
- Humanistic psychologists assert that we choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional, and spiritual needs.
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- (5)(self-fullfillment)Self_Actualization
- achieving one's full potential(including creative activities)......
- (4)(psychological)Esteem Needs
- prestige/feeling of accomplishment......
- (3)(psychological)Belonging And Love Needs
- intimate relationships, friends......
- (2)(basic)Safety Needs
- (1)(basic)Psychological Needs
- food, water, warmth, rest......
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Other Schools of Thought
- Biopsychology
- Biopsychologists explain behavior and human thought strictly in terms of biological processes: hormones; genetics; neurotransmitters; disease; brain lesions, etc.
- Evolutionary Psychology
- Evolutionary psychologists examine human thoughts and behaviors in terms of natural selection.
- Some psychological traits might be advantageous for survival, and these traits will be passed on.
- Cognitive Perspective
- Cognitive psychologists examine behavior and thought in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember information.
- Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development focuses on how our thinking develops as we develop from infants to adults.
- A cognitive psychologist might explain a person’s tendency to be extroverted in terms of how he or she interprets social situations.
- Sociocultural Psychology
- Sociocultural psychologists look at how our thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in other cultures. They emphasize the influence culture has on the way we act and think.
- How much value does the culture place on being part of a group versus being an individual?
- What kind of behaviors are appropriate in some countries but not in others?
- Biopsychosocial Model
- The biopsychosocial model acknowledges that human thinking and behavior results from combinations of biological, psychological, and social factors.
- For example, anorexia may be explained as having biological, psychological, and cultural causes.
Summary
| Approach |
Cause of Behavior |
Method for Investigation
|
| Biological |
Genes, hormones, physiology, brain, body |
Brain scans, genetic analysis, investigating physiology/biology
|
| Cognitive |
Personal thoughts, thinking patterns, brain processes, neural networks |
Investigating thoughts, patterns of thinking, and making analogies with computer models about the brain
|
| Structuralism |
|
Introspection studies
|
| Functionalism |
Natural selection |
Species comparison
|
| Humanistic |
Self-concept, self-esteem |
Talk-therapy
|
| Psychoanalytic/Dynamic |
Unconscious mind, trauma |
Dream analysis, talk-therapy
|
| Behavioural |
S/R responses, reinforcement/punishment |
Understanding previous reinforcement/punishment history
|
| Sociocultural |
Differences in cultural background |
Cross-cultural studies
|
| Evolutionary |
Natural selection |
Genetic analysis, species comparisons
|
| Gestalt Psychology |
Sensory/Perception processing |
|
| Biopsychosocial model |
Aims to understand behavior through multiple schools of thought |
|
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