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What is psychology?

• Psychology is the study of the brain, mental processes, observable behavior, human and animal development, and social interactions.

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• Psychology was once a part of philosophy.
• Philosophers such as Rene Descartes, John Locke, and Thomas Hobbes speculated on human nature.

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• Rene Descartes believed that the physical world follows a set of observable laws or rules.
• He believed creatures are similar to machines, in that they are governed by laws and behave in predictable ways.

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• Descartes believe that humans are the exception to this rule because they possess minds.
• He makes a distinction between the body and the mind.
• The mind is not observable and is not subject to the natural laws.
• He thought the mind and body interact through the pineal gland.

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• John Locke believed that even the mind is under the control of rules or laws.
• Locke believed that the world could be understood through empiricism – gathering knowledge and understanding the world through observation and experience.
• Locke thought that humans are born as a tabula rasa, meaning a blank slate, and that everything we know has to be learned.

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History/Philosophy

• One way to organize all of the ideas in psychology is by categorizing psychological theories and ideas into various schools of thought.
• Each school of thought has a certain way of describing some aspect of behavior, mental process, or social interaction.
  • Structuralism
  • Functionalism
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive
  • Humanistic
  • Biological/Biomedical
  • Sociocultural
  • Biopsychosocial

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Structuralism

• Wilhelm Wundt set up the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany.
• Wilhelm Wundt championed the school of thought in psychology called Structuralism, “father of structuralism.”
• Structuralism is an attempt to breakdown the ‘elements’ of perception into smaller understandable units – similar to how a chemist breaks down a compound into its elements.
• The sensation of ‘red’ or ‘sharp’ or ‘hard’ is understood as an ‘element’ of consciousness.

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• Trained subjects in introspection.
  • Introspection is the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes.
• He asked trained subjects to record their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli.
  • Describe this ______, and tell me your sensation of it.

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• Structuralism is not an active area of study in psychology anymore.

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Functionalism

• Functionalism & William James
• James published The Principles of Psychology, psychology’s first official textbook.
• James championed the school of thought called Functionalism.

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• Functional psychology or Functionalism refers to a psychological philosophy that considers mental life and behaviour in terms of active adaptation to the person's environment; it was influenced by Darwin and evolutionary theory.
• For example, an explanation for why a baby cries could be that crying as a behaviour is a successful adaptation; it helps the baby survive.

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• It is not an active area of psychology anymore.

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Gestalt Psychology

• Max Wertheimer argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete subjects; that is, he did not like structuralism.
• Gestalt theorists argue and demonstrate that “the whole is something else than the sum of its parts.”

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• How many triangles are there?

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• Gestalt psychology is not an active area of research anymore.
• Some of the ideas of Gestalt psychology have been adopted and reworked by cognitive psychology.

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Psychoanalysis

• Sigmund Freud describes how the unconscious mind, dreams, and other psychological mechanisms exert influence on behavior.
• Psychoanalysis is a set of theories related to the study of the unconscious mind and a set of therapeutic techniques to help patients recover from psychological disorders.

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• A psychoanalyst believes that the unconscious mind (a part of our mind we do not have access to) controls many of our thoughts and behavior.
• A psychoanalyst would look for impulses or memories pushed into our unconscious and try to show how these influence our behavior.

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