“用户:Grotton JXz Donbrako/Psychology/Chapter 2”的版本间的差异
（开个头） |
（填充正文内容，修改网址方便保存） |
||
| 第4行： | 第4行： | ||
转载时有改动，无任何原内容省略。 | 转载时有改动，无任何原内容省略。 | ||
==正文== | ==正文== | ||
| + | ===Research Methods=== | ||
| + | *"How do you do research in psychology?" | ||
| + | *Psychology uses the scientific process: | ||
| + | **Question | ||
| + | **Hypothesis | ||
| + | **Prediction | ||
| + | **Data | ||
| + | **Interpretation | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | *'''Hindsight bias''' is the tendency of people to overestimate their ability to have predicted an outcome that could not possibly have been predicted. | ||
| + | *However, the goal of science is to be predictive; that is, determine an outcome before it happens, not after. | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | *Research question: | ||
| + | *'''What are some relationships between these variables''' | ||
| + | **''Coffee intake'' and ''running speed''? | ||
| + | **''Showering'' and ''body odor''? | ||
| + | **''Studying'' and ''grades''? | ||
| + | **''Mass of an object'' and ''its gravitational force''? | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | *'''Hypothesis''': Usually an ‘if, then’ statement or simply a prediction about some event. | ||
| + | **"If people are given money, they experience greater happiness than if given candy." | ||
| + | **'''↑How do we measure happiness?''' | ||
| + | *'''Independent variable''': The variable that influences the dependent variable. | ||
| + | *'''Dependent variable''': A variable that depends on the independent variable. | ||
| + | *'''Theory''': aims to explain a broad set of phenomenon. | ||
| + | |||
| + | *'''Operational Definitions'''：Definitions of variables in research need to be quantifiable and observable. They need to be '''operationally defined'''. | ||
| + | |||
| + | *'''"Research aims to be valid and reliable"''' | ||
| + | **'''Validity''' refers to whether the research measures what the researchers set out to measure. | ||
| + | ***"If you have a scale, and it '''says you weigh 100lbs.''', but on '''every other scale''' you step on, the scale says '''180lbs.''', the scale '''would not be a ‘valid’ measure''' of your weight." | ||
| + | **'''Reliability''' refers to whether the same results can be produced under similar conditions. | ||
| + | ***"If you stepped on the scale and it '''said 100lbs.''', and then '''five minutes later''' stepped '''on the same scale again''', and it '''said 130lbs.''', the scale '''would not be a ‘reliable’ measure''' of your weight." | ||
| + | |||
| + | *'''Participants''' are the people or subjects in your study. | ||
| + | *'''Sampling''': The selection of participants. | ||
| + | *'''Population''' is the large set of individuals from which a sample was taken. | ||
| + | *'''Representative''': A sample that accurately reflects the larger population. | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | *"Wearing a red shirt in a large crowd gets you more attention." | ||
| + | **What is my hypothesis? | ||
| + | **What must be operationally defined? | ||
| + | **Who is my sample? | ||
| + | **Who is my population? | ||
| + | **Is the sample representative? | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | *'''Random Selection''' means that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. | ||
| + | **How could we randomly select in the previous example? | ||
| + | *'''Stratified Sampling''': A process that allows a researcher to ensure the sample represents the population on some criteria. | ||
| + | **If I want to research whether different racial groups respond differently to a survey, I could select 10 Caucasians, 10 Asians, 10 African Americans… | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | *Psychologists prefer '''experiments''' because they can establish a '''cause-effect relationship'''. | ||
| + | **'''Laboratory Experiments''' are conducted in a lab. | ||
| + | **'''Field Experiments''' are conducted in the ‘real’ world. Researchers go out and manipulate some variable and observe the effect. | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | *'''Confounding variable''': A confounding variable is any difference between the experimental controls and the control conditions, except for the independent variable, that might '''affect''' the dependent variable. | ||
| + | **A researcher must try to isolate variables or control for “confounding variables” | ||
| + | **"If I am studying whether the amount of time spent studying is associated with better grades, what are variables that '''may influence this relationship''' other than studying?" | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
（待补充） | （待补充） | ||
---- | ---- | ||
==原幻灯片(.ppsx)下载链接<br>{{Font|size=16px|（建议在下载后将后缀改成.ppt以方便观看与编辑）}}== | ==原幻灯片(.ppsx)下载链接<br>{{Font|size=16px|（建议在下载后将后缀改成.ppt以方便观看与编辑）}}== | ||
| − | <references>*<ref name="emanfer">[https://c73df654-060d-47ed-ba10-716d7ffb96b4.filesusr.com/ugd/cb70ba_292f61b763864d37bbc82c0937e75ee5.ppsx]</ref> | + | <references>*<ref name="emanfer">[https://c73df654-060d-47ed-ba10-716d7ffb96b4.filesusr.com/ugd/cb70ba_292f61b763864d37bbc82c0937e75ee5.ppsx?dn=Chapter%202%20Methods.ppsx]</ref> |
</references> | </references> | ||
2022年2月7日 (一) 06:38的版本
页面介绍
本页面所转载文章出自APPsychPrep网站所分享幻灯片[1]，由GJD转载。
转载时有改动，无任何原内容省略。
正文
Research Methods
- "How do you do research in psychology?"
- Psychology uses the scientific process:
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Prediction
- Data
- Interpretation
- Hindsight bias is the tendency of people to overestimate their ability to have predicted an outcome that could not possibly have been predicted.
- However, the goal of science is to be predictive; that is, determine an outcome before it happens, not after.
- Research question:
- What are some relationships between these variables
- Coffee intake and running speed?
- Showering and body odor?
- Studying and grades?
- Mass of an object and its gravitational force?
- Hypothesis: Usually an ‘if, then’ statement or simply a prediction about some event.
- "If people are given money, they experience greater happiness than if given candy."
- ↑How do we measure happiness?
- Independent variable: The variable that influences the dependent variable.
- Dependent variable: A variable that depends on the independent variable.
- Theory: aims to explain a broad set of phenomenon.
- Operational Definitions：Definitions of variables in research need to be quantifiable and observable. They need to be operationally defined.
- "Research aims to be valid and reliable"
- Validity refers to whether the research measures what the researchers set out to measure.
- "If you have a scale, and it says you weigh 100lbs., but on every other scale you step on, the scale says 180lbs., the scale would not be a ‘valid’ measure of your weight."
- Reliability refers to whether the same results can be produced under similar conditions.
- "If you stepped on the scale and it said 100lbs., and then five minutes later stepped on the same scale again, and it said 130lbs., the scale would not be a ‘reliable’ measure of your weight."
- Validity refers to whether the research measures what the researchers set out to measure.
- Participants are the people or subjects in your study.
- Sampling: The selection of participants.
- Population is the large set of individuals from which a sample was taken.
- Representative: A sample that accurately reflects the larger population.
- "Wearing a red shirt in a large crowd gets you more attention."
- What is my hypothesis?
- What must be operationally defined?
- Who is my sample?
- Who is my population?
- Is the sample representative?
- Random Selection means that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
- How could we randomly select in the previous example?
- Stratified Sampling: A process that allows a researcher to ensure the sample represents the population on some criteria.
- If I want to research whether different racial groups respond differently to a survey, I could select 10 Caucasians, 10 Asians, 10 African Americans…
- Psychologists prefer experiments because they can establish a cause-effect relationship.
- Laboratory Experiments are conducted in a lab.
- Field Experiments are conducted in the ‘real’ world. Researchers go out and manipulate some variable and observe the effect.
- Confounding variable: A confounding variable is any difference between the experimental controls and the control conditions, except for the independent variable, that might affect the dependent variable.
- A researcher must try to isolate variables or control for “confounding variables”
- "If I am studying whether the amount of time spent studying is associated with better grades, what are variables that may influence this relationship other than studying?"
（待补充）
