用户:Grotton JXz Donbrako/Psychology/Chapter 8
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Motivation & Emotion
- Motivation: The reason or reasons someone has for behaving a certain way.
- Emotion: A natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others.
- Homeostasis is a balanced internal state.
- Drive Reduction Theory: A need that is biological, and a drive to fulfill that need.
- If we do not eat, drink, or are cold or physical hurt, we are not in homeostasis, and a ‘drive’ is created to get back to homeostasis
- Drives are categorized into primary and secondary drives.
- Primary drives are biological drives like thirst food, warmth, shelter, and sex.
- Secondary drives are learned drives, like how we have learned to acquire money because money can get us a house, food, clothing, etc.
- Secondary drives help get us primary drives.
Lack of Homeostasis → Need → Drive → Motivation to Act → Homeostasis → L……
- Criticism of Drive Reduction Theory
- Drive Reduction Theory cannot explain why someone would strive to be an Olympic athlete or why a scientist might want to conduct basic research.
- Arousal theory: States that we seek an optimum level of arousal.
- Each individual has a different need for excitement or arousal, and we are motivated by activities that will help us achieve their own optimum.
- Yerkes-Dodson Law
- Most of us perform best with an optimum level of arousal, although this varies with different activities.
- We might perform well at an easy task with a very high level of arousal, but the same high level of arousal would prevent us from performing a difficult task.
- Opponent-process theory: Attempts to explain addiction. It states that people are usually at a normal, or baseline state, and that move away from the baseline state.
- We feel good from drinking the coffee, because caffeine blocks certain "tiredness" neurotransmitters from binding to neurons in our brain.
- But, we eventually feel an opponent-process, meaning a motivation to return to our baseline.
- Withdrawal occurs, and we want to relieve withdrawal symptoms, so we drink more coffee; eventually, our baseline is adjusted down.
- Incentives are external stimuli that motivate behavior.
- Incentives are stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning.
- We learn to associate some stimuli with rewards and others with punishment and we are motivated to seek rewards.
- Criticisms of Maslow
- People sometimes act in ways that do not correspond to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
- Example: Feeding children before yourself.
- Biological basis for Hunger
- The hypothalamus monitors and helps to control body chemistry.
- It regulates glucose and insulin.
- Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus causes animals to eat.
- Destruction of the lateral hypothalamus eliminates hunger, and the animal does not eat.
- Electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus causes an animal to stop eating. If this area is destroyed, the animal will continue to eat.
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